Intramedullary Cement Augmentation in Locking Plate Fixation for Neer Four-Part Proximal Humeral Fractures: A Technique for Preventing Early Mechanical Failure

Research Square · 2026-03-10

<i>N</i>-hydroxypipecolic acid and salicylic acid play key roles in autoimmunity induced by loss of the callose synthase PMR4

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · 2025-04-30 · 1 citations

In Arabidopsis thaliana, the POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANT4 (PMR4)/GLUCAN SYNTHASE LIKE5 (GSL5) callose synthase is required for pathogen-induced callose deposition in cell wall defense. Paradoxically, pmr4/gsl5 mutants exhibit strong resistance to both powdery and downy mildew. The powdery mildew resistance of pmr4/gsl5 has been attributed to upregulated salicylic acid (SA) signaling based on its dependance on PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4), which controls SA accumulation, and its abolishment by bacterial NahG salicylate hydroxylase. Our study revealed that disruption of PMR4/GSL5 also leads to early senescence. Suppressor analysis uncovered that PAD4 and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) biosynthetic genes ABERRANT GROWTH AND DEATH2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN1 (ALD1) and FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOXYGENASE1 (FMO1) are required for early senescence of pmr4/gsl5 mutants. The critical role of NHP in the early senescence of pmr4/gsl5 was supported by greatly increased accumulation of pipecolic acid in pmr4/gsl5 mutants. In contrast, disruption of the SA biosynthetic gene ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1/SA-INDUCTION DIFFICIENT 2 (ICS1/SID2), which greatly reduces SA accumulation, had little effect on impaired growth of pmr4/gsl5. Furthermore, while disruption of PAD4 completely abolished the powdery mildew resistance in pmr4/gsl5, mutations in ICS1/SID2, ALD1, or FMO1 had only a minor effect on the resistance of the mutant plants. However, disruption of both ICS1/SID2 and FMO1 abolished the enhanced immunity of the callose synthase mutants against the fungal pathogen. Therefore, while NHP plays a crucial role in the early senescence of pmr4/gsl5 mutants, both SA and NHP have important roles in the strong powdery mildew resistance induced by the loss of the callose synthase.

Optimal Coordinated Allocation Control of an $8 \times 4$ Distributeddriven Truck

2025-07-28

A hierarchical disturbance-rejection control strategy based on optimal coordinated allocation of multi control variables is proposed to handle tire wear and driving safety suffering caused by the uncoordinated actions of drive axles and steering axles in the planar handling of an <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$8 \times 4$</tex> truck. In the bottom layer, the control variables of transfer function are deconstructed based on Jacobian linearization to establish the allocation model. In the middle layer, to address the problem of model mismatch effectively, a closed-loop state feedback control strategy is established based on the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) algorithm. The upper layer built a driver model based on the single-track reference model to generate expected motion states. Co-simulation results of MATLAB/TruckSim show that the proposed hierarchical control strategy achieves higher precision in planar motion control, and the actions of the drive axle and steering axle are effectively coordinated under uniform acceleration sinusoidal steering conditions, where the tire force utilization rate is only 71.2% of that based on traditional rule allocation.

Regulation of Cadmium Accumulation and Tolerance by Receptor‐Like Kinase OsSRK and Putative Ligand OsTDL1B in Rice

Plant Cell & Environment · 2025-11-24 · 1 citations

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that accumulates in plants to inhibit growth and enters the food chain to harm human health. Although Cd accumulation and tolerance in plants have been extensively analysed, their regulation is less understood. Here, we identify a stress-responsive receptor-like kinase (OsSRK) involved in rice Cd accumulation and tolerance. Our results show that OsSRK expression was strongly induced by Cd treatment. OsSRK overexpression decreased while its silencing or mutations increased both Cd accumulation and Cd-induced leaf chlorosis in rice. OsSRK is a close homologue of MULTIPLE SPOROCYTE 1 (MSP1), which controls sporogenic development with its TAPETUM DETERMINANT1 (TPD1)-LIKE 1 A (OsTDL1A) ligand. OsSRK interacts with OsTDL1B, an OsTDL1A homologue, in both yeast and plant cells. Like OsSRK, expression of OsTDL1B was induced by Cd treatment, and mutations of OsTDL1B enhanced both Cd accumulation and Cd-induced symptoms in rice. These results strongly support that OsTDL1B acts as a ligand for the OsSRK receptor kinase in Cd stress signalling. Comparative transcriptome and proteome profiling support that OsSRK plays a critical role in rice Cd accumulation and tolerance through the regulation of genes in Cd accumulation and oxidative stress responses.

Exosomal <scp>miR</scp> ‐221‐3p derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress‐mediated apoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells via the Nrf2/ <scp>HO</scp> ‐1 signalling pathway

International Journal of Experimental Pathology · 2025-11-01 · 1 citations

Excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can lead to apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), a hallmark of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Our study aimed to determine whether bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs-exos) alleviate ER stress-related NPC apoptosis through the delivery of miR-221-3p. Human NPCs were stimulated by advanced glycation end products (AGEs) for 24 h to construct a cellular model of ER stress. Exosomes were isolated from BMSCs transfected with miR-NC and miR-221-3p inhibitor and co-cultured together with AGEs in NPCs. MiR-221-3p expression in NPCs was detected by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The protein levels of ER stress and apoptosis markers and nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway-related molecules in NPCs were measured by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The Nrf2 agonist tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) was used to verify whether exosomal miR-221-3p affected ER stress-mediated apoptosis by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. MiR-221-3p expression was decreased in AGEs-stimulated NPCs, while co-culture with BMSCs-exos rescued such a decline. AGEs-induced reduction in NPC viability and elevation in cell apoptosis and ER stress were overturned by BMSCs-exos treatment, whereas miR-221-3p knockdown further antagonized these effects of BMSCs-exos. MiR-221-3p knockdown reversed the enhancement of BMSCs-exos on Nrf2 and HO-1 levels and Nrf2 nuclear translocation in AGEs-induced NPCs. Importantly, TBHQ abrogated the promotion of Exos-miR-221-3p inhibitor on ER stress and apoptosis in NPCs. BMSCs-exos reduced ER stress-mediated apoptosis in NPCs by promoting the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway through delivering miR-221-3p.

The precise control and maintenance of sites distribution endow PtCu3 intermetallic with sustainably superior CO resilience

Journal of Power Sources · 2025-05-09 · 1 citations

An Ultrawideband Low‐Voltage High‐Gain Up‐Conversion CMOS Mixer in CMOS 0.18‐μm Technology for 3–16 GHz

International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications · 2025-03-04 · 1 citations

ABSTRACT This study presents a wideband up‐converter mixer with a frequency range of 3 to 16 GHz. The mixer is based on TSMC's 0.18‐μm CMOS technology. The architecture is based on a double‐balanced mixer. The transconductance stage uses an enhanced common source architecture to amplify the intermediate frequency signal, thereby increasing the conversion gain. In addition, the body effect is exploited to reduce the turn‐on voltage and DC power consumption of the transconductance stage. This design choice significantly reduces the power consumption of the mixer. The load inductor, a crucial component in the mixer's performance, uses a transformer‐coupling technique. This technique involves coupling the inductor with a transformer to increase its inductance without significantly increasing its physical size. This allows for better performance in a smaller area. The measured conversion gain is 12 to 14.47 dB from 3 to 16 GHz with a flat of ±1.23 dB. The LO‐to‐RF port isolation varies between 21 and 36 dB. The input intercept point of the third order (IIP3) is between −7.5 and −4.8 dBm. Total DC power consumption is 4 mW when operating at 0.8 V. The total chip size for the up‐conversion mixer is 1.09 × 1.2 mm 2 .

Research on Detection and Analysis of Vibration Signals Based on Fiber Grating

2024-05-24

Due to the rapid development of science and technology, the vibration problem has been paid more attention in people's working and living environment. In hydraulic system, vibration usually affects its performance, and even endangers the safety of hydraulic components in serious cases. Based on the analysis of fiber grating sensing characteristics, the detection and analysis methods of vibration signals are studied in this paper.

A critical role of a plant-specific TFIIB-related protein, BRP1, in salicylic acid-mediated immune response

Frontiers in Plant Science · 2024-07-30 · 2 citations

An integral part of plant immunity is transcription reprogramming by concerted action of specific transcription factors that activate or repress genes through recruitment or release of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Pol II is assembled into Pol II holoenzyme at the promoters through association with a group of general transcription factors including transcription factor IIB (TFIIB) to activate transcription. Unlike other eukaryotic organisms, plants have a large family of TFIIB-related proteins with 15 members in Arabidopsis including several plant-specific TFIIB-related proteins (BRPs). Molecular genetic analysis has revealed important roles of some BRPs in plant reproductive processes. In this study, we report that Arabidopsis knockout mutants for BRP1, the founding member of the BRP protein family, were normal in growth and development, but were hypersusceptible to the bacterial pathogen Psuedomonas syringae . The enhanced susceptibility of the brp1 mutants was associated with reduced expression of salicylic acid (SA) biosynthetic gene ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 ( ICS1 ) and SA-responsive PATHOGENESIS-RELATED ( PR ) genes. Pathogen-induced SA accumulation was reduced in the brp1 mutants and exogenous SA rescued the brp1 mutants for resistance to the bacterial pathogen. In uninfected plants, BRP1 was primarily associated with the plastids but pathogen infection induced its accumulation in the nucleus. BRP1 acted as a transcription activator in plant cells and binded to the promoter of ICS1 . These results collectively indicate that BRP1 is a functionally specialized transcription factor that increasingly accumulates in the nucleus in response to pathogen infection to promote defense gene expression.

Rapid permafrost thaw under buried oil pipeline and effective solution using a novel mitigative technique based on field and laboratory results

Cold Regions Science and Technology · 2024-01-04 · 19 citations