Experience-dependent reorganization of inhibitory neuron synaptic connectivity

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · 2025-01-16 · 4 citations

Summary Organisms continually tune their perceptual systems to the features they encounter in their environment 1–3 . We have studied how ongoing experience reorganizes the synaptic connectivity of neurons in the olfactory (piriform) cortex of the mouse. We developed an approach to measure synaptic connectivity in vivo , training a deep convolutional network to reliably identify monosynaptic connections from the spike-time cross-correlograms of 4.4 million single-unit pairs. This revealed that excitatory piriform neurons with similar odor tuning are more likely to be connected. We asked whether experience enhances this like-to-like connectivity but found that it was unaffected by odor exposure. Experience did, however, alter the logic of interneuron connectivity. Following repeated encounters with a set of odorants, inhibitory neurons that responded differentially to these stimuli exhibited a high degree of both incoming and outgoing synaptic connections within the cortical network. This reorganization depended only on the odor tuning of the inhibitory interneuron and not on the tuning of its pre- or postsynaptic partners. A computational model of this reorganized connectivity predicts that it increases the dimensionality of the entire network’s responses to familiar stimuli, thereby enhancing their discriminability. We confirmed that this network-level property is present in physiological measurements, which showed increased dimensionality and separability of the evoked responses to familiar versus novel odorants. Thus, a simple, non-Hebbian reorganization of interneuron connectivity may selectively enhance an organism’s discrimination of the features of its environment.

Phased nanopore assembly with Shasta and modular graph phasing with GFAse

Genome Research · 2024-04-16 · 16 citations

Reference-free genome phasing is vital for understanding allele inheritance and the impact of single-molecule DNA variation on phenotypes. To achieve thorough phasing across homozygous or repetitive regions of the genome, long-read sequencing technologies are often used to perform phased de novo assembly. As a step toward reducing the cost and complexity of this type of analysis, we describe new methods for accurately phasing Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequence data with the Shasta genome assembler and a modular tool for extending phasing to the chromosome scale called GFAse. We test using new variants of ONT PromethION sequencing, including those using proximity ligation, and show that newer, higher accuracy ONT reads substantially improve assembly quality.

PENGATURAN TELERADIOLOGI DALAM PELINDUNGAN HAK ATASPELAYANAN KESEHATAN

Unika Repositor (Unika) · 2024-01-01

Pelayanan kesehatan merupakan hak seluruh masyarakat Indonesia yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia. Pemerataan pelayanan kesehatan menjadi permasalahan utama dalam perwujudan aspek keterjangkauan dan keadilan dalam pelayanan kesehatan. Dalam pelayanan radiologi, teleradiologi menjadi salah satu solusi dalam mewujudkan pelayanan kesehatan di seluruh penjuru Indonesia. Namun, lemahnya dasar hukum dalam pelayanan teleradiologi menjadi tantangan dalam perwujudan pemberian pelayanan teleradiologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aspek pelindungan dan dasar hukum dalam pelayanan teleradiologi dalam perwujudan hak atas pelayanan kesehatan yang ada di Indonesia. Penelitian bersifat kualitatif pendekatan analisis yuridis normatif terhadap permasalahan yang ada. Penelitian akan dikaji dengan pendekatan konseptual dan perundang-undangan. Analisis dilakukan secara deduktif dan deskriptif eksplanatif dengan pemaparan dan mengaitkan masalah terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Undang-Undang Dasar menjadi norma dasar dalam pelayanan teleradiologi, dimana UU No 39 Tahun 1999 Tentang HAM, UU No 17 Tahun 2023 Tentang Kesehatan, UU No 27 Tahun 2022 Tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi, dan UU tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik serta merupakan dasar hukum dalam pelayanan teleradiologi. Peraturan Pemerintah No 28 Tahun 2024, Permenkes No 20 Tahun 2019 dan Permenkes No 24 Tahun 2020 menjadi dasar teknis pelayanan teleradiologi. Aspek pelindungan hak mendapat akses pelayanan kesehatan diatur dalam UUD 1945 yang menjadi dasar dalam Undang-Undang No. 39 Tahun 1999 dan Lampiran Perpres Nomor 18 Tahun 2020. Perlindungan terhadap hak atas informasi kesehatan diatur dalam dalam Undang-Undang No. 17 Tahun 2023 Tentang Kesehatan dan Peraturan Pemerintah no 28 Tahun 2024. Namun, peraturan perundangundangan yang ada saat ini belum memenuhi hak atas pelayanan kesehatan secara aksesibilitas dan informasi kesehatan dalam pelayanan teleradiologi disebabkan kurangnya regulasi spesifik terhadap pelayanan teleradiologi, sistem pembiayaan teleradiologi, sistem informasi , perlindungan data, dan informed consent.

Flygenvectors: The spatial and temporal structure of neural activity across the fly brain

Figshare · 2023-01-01

SCAPE panneuronal imaging of adult drosophila behaving on a spherical treadmill, with corresponding tracked body points.

The spatial and temporal structure of neural activity across the fly brain

Nature Communications · 2023-09-11 · 46 citations

What are the spatial and temporal scales of brainwide neuronal activity? We used swept, confocally-aligned planar excitation (SCAPE) microscopy to image all cells in a large volume of the brain of adult Drosophila with high spatiotemporal resolution while flies engaged in a variety of spontaneous behaviors. This revealed neural representations of behavior on multiple spatial and temporal scales. The activity of most neurons correlated (or anticorrelated) with running and flailing over timescales that ranged from seconds to a minute. Grooming elicited a weaker global response. Significant residual activity not directly correlated with behavior was high dimensional and reflected the activity of small clusters of spatially organized neurons that may correspond to genetically defined cell types. These clusters participate in the global dynamics, indicating that neural activity reflects a combination of local and broadly distributed components. This suggests that microcircuits with highly specified functions are provided with knowledge of the larger context in which they operate.

A brain atlas for the camouflaging dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis

Current Biology · 2023-06-20 · 20 citations

The coleoid cephalopods (cuttlefish, octopus, and squid) are a group of soft-bodied marine mollusks that exhibit an array of interesting biological phenomena, including dynamic camouflage, complex social behaviors, prehensile regenerating arms, and large brains capable of learning, memory, and problem-solving.1Turchetti-Maia A. Shomrat T. Hochner B. The vertical lobe of cephalopods: a brain structure ideal for exploring the mechanisms of complex forms of learning and memory.in: J.H. Byrne The Oxford Handbook of Invertebrate Neurobiology. Oxford University Press, 2019: 559-574Google Scholar,2Fiorito G. von Planta C. Scotto P. Problem solving ability of Octopus vulgaris Lamarck (Mollusca, Cephalopoda).Behav. Neural. Biol. 1990; 53: 217-230Crossref PubMed Google Scholar,3Richter J.N. Hochner B. Kuba M.J. Pull or push? Octopuses solve a puzzle problem.PLoS One. 2016; 11: e0152048Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar,4Reiter S. Hülsdunk P. Woo T. Lauterbach M.A. Eberle J.S. Akay L.A. Longo A. Meier-Credo J. Kretschmer F. Langer J.D. et al.Elucidating the control and development of skin patterning in cuttlefish.Nature. 2018; 562: 361-366Crossref PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar,5Schnell A.K. Clayton N.S. Cephalopod cognition.Curr. Biol. 2019; 29: R726-R732Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar,6Imperadore P. Fiorito G. Cephalopod tissue regeneration: consolidating over a century of knowledge.Front. Physiol. 2018; 9: 593Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar,7Amodio P. Boeckle M. Schnell A.K. Ostojíc L. Fiorito G. Clayton N.S. Grow smart and die young: why did cephalopods evolve intelligence.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2019; 34: 45-56Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar,8Hanlon R.T. Messenger J.B. Cephalopod Behaviour. Cambridge University Press, 2018Crossref Google Scholar,9Osorio D. Ménager F. Tyler C.W. Darmaillacq A.S. Multi-level control of adaptive camouflage by European cuttlefish.Curr. Biol. 2022; 32: 2556-2562.e2Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar,10How M.J. Norman M.D. Finn J. Chung W.S. Marshall N.J. Dynamic skin patterns in cephalopods.Front. Physiol. 2017; 8: 393Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar The dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis, is a promising model cephalopod species due to its small size, substantial egg production, short generation time, and dynamic social and camouflage behaviors.11Montague T.G. Rieth I.J. Axel R. Embryonic development of the camouflaging dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis.Dev. Dyn. 2021; 250: 1688-1703Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar Cuttlefish dynamically camouflage to their surroundings by changing the color, pattern, and texture of their skin. Camouflage is optically driven and is achieved by expanding and contracting hundreds of thousands of pigment-filled saccules (chromatophores) in the skin, which are controlled by motor neurons emanating from the brain. We generated a dwarf cuttlefish brain atlas using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), deep learning, and histology, and we built an interactive web tool (https://www.cuttlebase.org/) to host the data. Guided by observations in other cephalopods,12Young J.Z. The Anatomy of the Nervous System of Octopus Vulgaris. Oxford University Press, 1971Google Scholar,13Young J.Z. The central nervous system of Loligo. I. The optic lobe.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1974; 267: 263-302Crossref PubMed Scopus (114) Google Scholar,14Young J.Z. The nervous system of Loligo. II. Suboesophageal centres.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1976; 274: 101-167Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar,15Young J.Z. The nervous system of Loligo, III. Higher motor centres: the basal supraoesophageal lobes.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1977; 276: 351-398Crossref Google Scholar,16Young J.Z. The nervous system of Loligo. V. The vertical lobe complex.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1979; 285: 311-354Crossref Google Scholar,17Messenger J.B. The nervous system of Loligo IV. The peduncle and olfactory lobes.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1979; 285: 275-309Crossref Google Scholar,18Boycott B.B. The functional organization of the brain of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis.Proc. Royal Soc. B. 1961; 153: 503-534Crossref Google Scholar,19Chung W.S. Kurniawan N.D. Marshall N.J. Toward an MRI-based mesoscale connectome of the squid brain.iScience. 2020; 23: 100816Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar,20Young J.Z. The optic lobes of Octopus vulgaris.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1962; 245: 19-58Crossref Google Scholar we identified 32 brain lobes, including two large optic lobes (75% the total volume of the brain), chromatophore lobes whose motor neurons directly innervate the chromatophores of the color-changing skin, and a vertical lobe that has been implicated in learning and memory. The brain largely conforms to the anatomy observed in other Sepia species and provides a valuable tool for exploring the neural basis of behavior in the experimentally facile dwarf cuttlefish.

A rapid and bidirectional reporter of neural activity reveals neural correlates of social behaviors in <i>Drosophila</i>

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · 2023-04-11 · 2 citations

ABSTRACT Neural activity is modulated over different timescales encompassing sub-seconds to days reflecting changes in external environment, internal state, and behavior. Using Drosophila as a model, we have developed a rapid and bidirectional reporter that provides a robust cellular readout of recent neural activity. This reporter utilizes nuclear vs cytoplasmic distribution of CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator, CRTC. Subcellular distribution of GFP-tagged CRTC (CRTC::GFP) bidirectionally changes on the order of minutes and reflects both increases and decreases in neural activity. We establish an automated machine-learning-based routine for efficient quantification of reporter signal. Using this reporter, we demonstrate acute mating- evoked activation of peptidergic neurons. We further investigate the functional role of the master courtship regulator gene, fruitless , and show that fruitless is necessary to ensure activation of male arousal neurons by female cues. Together, our results establish CRTC::GFP as a bidirectional reporter of recent neural activity suitable for examining neural correlates in behavioral contexts.

Representations of the intrinsic value of information in mouse orbitofrontal cortex

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · 2023-10-13 · 8 citations

Animals are motivated to seek information that does not influence reward outcomes, suggesting that information has intrinsic value. We have developed an odor-based information seeking task that reveals that mice choose to receive information even though it does not alter the reward outcome. Moreover, mice are willing to pay for information by sacrificing water reward, suggesting that information is of intrinsic value to a mouse. We used a microendoscope to reveal neural activity in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) while mice learned the information seeking task. We observed the emergence of distinct populations of neurons responsive to odors predictive of information and odors predictive of water reward. A latent variable model recapitulated these different representations in the low-dimensional dynamics of OFC neuronal population activity. These data suggest that mice have evolved separate pathways to represent the intrinsic value of information and the extrinsic value of water reward. Thus, the desire to acquire knowledge is observed in mice, and the value of this information is represented in the OFC. The mouse now provides a facile experimental system to study the representation of the value of information, a higher cognitive variable.

A rapid and bidirectional reporter of neural activity reveals neural correlates of social behaviors in Drosophila

Nature Neuroscience · 2023-06-12 · 18 citations

Flexible neural control of transition points within the egg-laying behavioral sequence in Drosophila

Nature Neuroscience · 2023-05-22 · 41 citations

Innate behaviors are frequently comprised of ordered sequences of component actions that progress to satisfy essential drives. Progression is governed by specialized sensory cues that induce transitions between components within the appropriate context. Here we have characterized the structure of the egg-laying behavioral sequence in Drosophila and found significant variability in the transitions between component actions that affords the organism an adaptive flexibility. We identified distinct classes of interoceptive and exteroceptive sensory neurons that control the timing and direction of transitions between the terminal components of the sequence. We also identified a pair of motor neurons that enact the final transition to egg expulsion. These results provide a logic for the organization of innate behavior in which sensory information processed at critical junctures allows for flexible adjustments in component actions to satisfy drives across varied internal and external environments.