Jenny Rinehart · University of California, Irvine · PhdFit
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Stanford · NLP & interpretability
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Jenny Rinehart is an Associate Professor of Teaching at the UCI School of Social Ecology within the Department of Psychological Science. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of New Mexico. Her research focuses on the prevention of sexual victimization across the lifespan. Within this broad area, her work aims to study the specific cognitive and attitudinal factors underlying women's sexual victimization and revictimization, as well as the social and contextual factors surrounding these issues. Additionally, she is dedicated to the development and dissemination of effective interventions designed to prevent sexual victimization.
Sevoflurane is a widely used inhaled anesthetic for adult and pediatric surgeries. In both populations, sevoflurane has been reported to have neurotoxic long-term effects such as cognitive impairment. One of the most important mechanisms for neurotoxicity mediated by sevoflurane is neuronal cell death. In this review, we analyze published data from animal and clinical studies that investigate the potential neurotoxic effects of sevoflurane in both the developing and aged brains. We briefly introduce the characteristics of the major cell death modalities described on exposure to sevoflurane anesthesia (apoptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis) as well as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and their involvement in altering neurological functions. We briefly discuss how sevoflurane limits cell death on distinct cells such as cardiomyocytes and under certain conditions such as anesthesia preconditioning. Here, we highlight the importance of distinct cell death modalities in sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in populations at risk and propose several strategies for minimizing these effects.
Univoltine species spend winter months in a state of arrested development called diapause, whereas in multivoltine species, some generations develop directly to adults and some diapause. In many cases, the signal to enter diapause is the change in photoperiod during the late summer months. However, in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, the signal to enter diapause is not clear. The alfalfa leafcutting bee is a solitary, cavity-nesting bee that readily builds nests in commercial structures, made from Styrofoam blocks with pre-drilled cavities. Females construct individual brood cells using leaf pieces that they cut with their mandibles. Brood cells are provisioned with a mixture of nectar and pollen that the female collects. She then lays an egg in the cell, caps the cell, and begins constructing the next one. A nest typically has 5-8 brood cells in series. After eggs hatch, larvae consume the entire provision over a period of about two weeks. After the provision is gone, larvae will either begin metamorphosis or enter diapause. Some data suggest that maternal effects determine whether offspring will enter diapause or develop directly to adults. To identify possible signals, we collected eggs from the field that were likely to be direct-developers (July-long days) and diapause-destined (September-short days) and reared them in the lab until they had consumed their entire provision. At that point, we froze the first and last offspring from several nests and kept them at -80°C, but we could not tell which bees would enter diapause or develop. To verify the diapause state of the frozen bees, we observed development of nestmates. Frozen samples were omitted from the study if nests were mixed in voltinism (i.e., some siblings in the nest entered diapause and some continued development to adults). Frozen prepupae (n=22 diapause-destined and n=26 direct developers) were shipped to University of Wyoming on dry ice for untargeted metabolomics analysis. Samples were subjected to biphasic extraction using MTBE, methanol, and water to produce an organic phase for lipidomics and an aqueous phase for metabolomics. Aqueous and organic layers were stored at -80°C prior to derivatization. Derivatization of the aqueous phase was conducted using methoxyamine and MSTFA, while the organic layer was derivatized using methanolic acetyl chloride and MSTFA (for fatty-acid and cholesterol analysis). GC-MS analysis was performed, and data were analyzed using MS-DIAL and MetaboAnalyst softwares. We identified 21 metabolites that were more abundant in diapause-destined larvae and 52 that were more abundant in those that would develop directly. No differences in the lipidomes were detected. One metabolite, putrescine, was nearly seven times higher in diapause-destined larvae compared to those that would develop directly. In a previous study, putrescine fed to caterpillars, Helicoverpa armigera, increased the likelihood that they would diapause, despite being exposed to long days. To determine whether putrescine could alter diapause status in M. rotundata, we added 0.01% or 0.1% putrescine to provisions of M. rotundata eggs and observed development. Putrescine had no effect on the likelihood of entering diapause, but higher levels increased mortality. It is unclear if putrescine levels in the diet vary with season. We plan to analyze provisions from early and late in the season to determine if putrescine levels vary. Knowing what factors contribute to diapause is especially important for commercially used insects. Understanding the environmental signals that contribute to diapause is important as environmental changes occur. This abstract was presented at the American Physiology Summit 2026 and is only available in HTML format. There is no downloadable file or PDF version. The Physiology editorial board was not involved in the peer review process.
BACKGROUND: Both medication shortages and hospital waste are important challenges in contemporary medicine. These challenges must be balanced to favor patient safety, which remains a fundamental goal of anesthesiology. METHODS: This retrospective study, based on material delivery and provider-reported major adverse intraoperative cardiovascular events, evaluates the impact of a fluid conservation strategy in the operating room, implemented on October 10, 2024, after the 2024 nationwide IV fluid shortage caused by Hurricane Milton. RESULTS: A total of 46,893 patients were cared for in the included operating rooms from October 2023 to January, 2025. The fluid conservation strategy successfully decreased weekly delivery requirements for fluids (median [IQR]: 1936 [1668-2055] vs 862 [740-1155] mL per case, P < .01; mean difference -1050 mL; 95% CI -665 to -1435 mL). This decrease was paralleled with a decrease in weekly costs for both fluids and fluid tubing (19,618 [13,991-21,930] vs 12,578 [9391-13,424] $, P < .01; mean difference -6784; 95% CI -1737 to -11,831 $) as well as weight of weekly plastic waste created 221.2 [205.6-246.5] vs 138.6 [105.7-155.2] kg, P < .01; mean difference -77 kg; 95% CI -25.7 to -128.8 kg). The incidence of major adverse events and case cancelations did not change after the implementation of the fluid reduction strategy. CONCLUSION: Our mitigation strategy decreased fluid usage per case, related costs, and plastic waste generated from fluids and infusion tubing. Further research focused on patient outcomes is needed before implementing such a strategy into standard care practice.
Cellular aging is a complex process that affects fitness, reproduction and susceptibility to disease. Understanding the factors that regulate cellular age could provide insights into how to combat this inevitable decline. Telomere attrition is a cellular hallmark used to measure age. In most organisms, telomere length decreases with subsequent cell divisions until they reach a critically short length. However, in some insects such as the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata, and the orchard mason bee, Osmia lignaria, telomere length is longer in later developmental stages as insects age. To further examine this phenomenon, we used the moth, Manduca sexta, to explore the impact of metamorphosis on telomere length. Metamorphosis involves intense structural remodeling using stem cell-like imaginal cells, often replacing larval tissues with comparable adult tissues. Consequently, metamorphosed adults could possess “old” larval tissues and “new” adult tissues, which calls into question the cellular age of these different tissues. We hypothesized that metamorphosis alters the cellular age of specific tissues. Using qPCR, we measured relative telomere length and telomerase activity in specific tissues of fourth and fifth instar larvae as well as adults following metamorphosis. We predicted that “new” adult tissues would possess longer telomeres than non-remodeled tissues. We also predicted that telomerase would be more abundantly expressed in late larval stages to prepare for the tissue development that occurs during metamorphosis. Understanding how cellular age is regulated in insects could clarify how developmental processes impact telomere length in different tissues and reveal cellular mechanisms that contribute to telomere maintenance. This abstract was presented at the American Physiology Summit 2026 and is only available in HTML format. There is no downloadable file or PDF version. The Physiology editorial board was not involved in the peer review process.
Honey bees are very important to the ecological environment and human society, contributing significantly to biodiversity and global food security, with an estimated annual impact of $15 billion in crop pollination in the USA. Over 62% of honey bee colony decline has been observed between June 2024 and February 2025. This study investigates bee stress level monitoring due to external disturbances like mechanical vibrations by measuring internal air temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 gas concentration levels of beehives. A new wireless sensor board for real-time monitoring of honey bee colonies was designed, built, and validated. The board incorporates NDIR-based SCD30 and SCD41 sensors for CO2, temperature, and humidity monitoring, integrated with a custom-designed two-layer printed circuit board and a Particle ArgonTM microprocessor for Wi-Fi communication. The developed board was tested and validated with live beehives in summer and winter of 2024 and 2025. The experimental study results showed the adequacy of the built sensor board. Bee colony responses on the applied stimuli (knocks) show that bees responded with a temperature increase of over 5 °C, CO2 concentration increase by 3000 to over 10,000 ppm, and, at the same time, relative humidity drop by about 10% inside beehives.
BACKGROUND: Determining the concordance between different cardiac output (CO) measurement methods is important in perioperative and intensive care medicine. Two frequently used statistical methods are 4-quadrant plot and polar plot analyses, but these methods have limitations (eg, 4-quadrant plot cannot distinguish well between tight concordance and loose concordance, while polar plot analysis requires complex transformation of data and does not quantify discordance). We propose a new approach, error field concordance analysis, which uses the strengths of the 4-quadrant plot and polar plot analyses while removing their main weaknesses. This tool aims to intuitively use the Cartesian plane to provide an easily interpretable score for concordance assessment. In addition, we provide a Python package available through the Package Installer for Python (PIP) to offer easy access for applying this new method. METHODS: We propose and explain error field concordance analysis, which uses a color-coded Cartesian approach, weighs the magnitude of concordance, and allows calculation of the concordance angle. We also develop the mathematical basis for computing concordance using error field concordance analysis. We compare error field concordance analysis with 4-quadrant plot and polar plot analyses using simulated data to demonstrate strong concordance, loose concordance, total noise, and strong discordance to compare these strategies and identify potential pitfalls. RESULTS: Error field concordance analysis can clearly differentiate strong concordance, loose concordance, total noise, and strong discordance without excluding data. Error field concordance analysis outperforms 4-quadrant plot analysis by detecting loss of concordance, discordance, and noise. As a result of having no exclusion zone, the data are not subject to artificial inflation of the metric in the presence of little observed change in the underlying data. We again demonstrate that the polar plot method has poor discriminant capacity compared to other methods and additionally has a critical flaw that renders it unreliable. CONCLUSIONS: Error field concordance analysis intuitively displays color-coded data on a Cartesian plane and provides an easily interpretable score for both concordance and discordance.
Vibrational signals are important communication tools for honey bees. These signals can provide insight into the internal hive conditions and overall health of the colony. This information can then be used to monitor colonies without the need for manual inspections. Therefore, it further reduces stressful situations for the colony and labor for the beekeeper. This study aims to provide a method of hardware synchronization for vibrational sensors with high-speed images. The proposed method allows for accurate evaluations of honey bee signals by providing visual identification of what the bee is doing while simultaneously recording the vibrational sensor data. This allows for individual bee movements to be analyzed by identifying the time stamp from the video and then assessing the same timestamp within the sensor data. The proposed method proves useful in evaluating fastmoving insects and their vibrational communication signals, such as the honey bees in this experiment.
