About

Jenny Carroll is a Professor of Law at Texas A&M University School of Law, beginning her tenure in Fall 2024. Her expertise encompasses criminal law and procedure, criminal defense, and juvenile justice. Carroll holds an LL.M. in Advocacy from Georgetown University, earned in 2005, and a J.D. with Honors from The University of Texas School of Law, obtained in 1997, where she was a Symposium Editor for the Texas Law Review and a member of the Order of the Coif. She completed her undergraduate studies at Duke University, graduating summa cum laude with Highest Distinction in Political Science and Women’s Studies in 1993, and was recognized as the Margaret Rose Knight Sanford Scholar and Dean’s Award recipient for her undergraduate thesis. Her professional experience includes positions at several esteemed institutions. She has served as a Professor of Law at the University of Alabama School of Law from 2014 to 2024, including roles as the Wiggins, Child, Quinn, and Pantazis Professor of Law. Carroll was a Visiting Scholar at Australia National University in Summer 2017 and held a position as a Visiting Professor of Law at Yale Law School from Fall 2021 to Fall 2022, where she also directed the Liman Center. Her academic career also includes faculty roles at Seton Hall University School of Law and the University of Cincinnati College of Law, as well as a Prettyman Fellowship at Georgetown University Law Center. Her research and teaching focus on criminal justice issues, with a notable background in criminal law, juvenile justice, and criminal defense.

Research topics

• Mathematics
• Epistemology
• Oncology
• Internal medicine
• Medicine
• Immunology
• Social psychology
• Econometrics
• Statistics
• Psychology

Selected publications

• Testing bipolarity.

  Psychological Methods · 2024 · 4 citations

  • Psychology
  • Econometrics
  • Social psychology

  Many psychological dimensions seem bipolar (e.g., happy-sad, optimism-pessimism, and introversion-extraversion). However, seeming opposites frequently do not act the way researchers predict real opposites would: having correlations near -1, loading on the same factor, and having relations with external variables that are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign. We argue these predictions are often incorrect because the bipolar model has been misspecified or specified too narrowly. We therefore explicitly define a general bipolar model for ideal error-free data and then extend this model to empirical data influenced by random and systematic measurement error. Our model shows the predictions above are correct only under restrictive circumstances that are unlikely to apply in practice. Moreover, if a bipolar dimension is divided into two so that researchers can test bipolarity, our model shows that the correlation between the two can be far from -1; thus, strategies based upon Pearson product-moment correlations and their factor analyses do not test if variables are opposites. Moreover, the two parts need not be mutually exclusive; thus, measures of co-occurrence do not test if variables are opposites. We offer alternative strategies for testing if variables are opposites, strategies based upon censored data analysis. Our model and findings have implications not just for testing bipolarity, but also for associated theory and measurement, and they expose potential artifacts in correlational and dimensional analyses involving any type of negative relations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

  PublisherDOI

• Mutational landscape influences immunotherapy outcomes among patients with non-small-cell lung cancer with human leukocyte antigen supertype B44

  Nature Cancer · 2020 · 47 citations

  • Medicine
  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  PublisherOA PDFDOI

• Electrostatic human leukocyte antigen-neoantigen interactions and durable benefit in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immunotherapy.

  Journal of Clinical Oncology · 2019-05-20

  article

  2635 Background: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) binding relies on energy from the interaction of B-pocket residues with anchor amino acids (AA). Among HLA class I supertypes, only HLA-B has distinct electrostatic B-pocket specificities, and of 7 HLA-B supertypes, B08, B27, and B44 feature binding pockets with preferences for charged AAs (Lund Immunogen). Whether electrostatic interactions in HLA-neoepitope binding would identify superior neoantigens and associate with survival in NSCLC patients treated with immunotherapy was unknown. Methods: Forty patients with advanced NSCLC treated with single agent pembrolizumab on a clinical trial with at least 5 years follow-up underwent paired tumor-normal whole-exome sequencing (WES) with Illumina HiSeq 2000/3000. HLA typing used normal (germline) WES from peripheral blood mononuclear cells analyzed with BWA-ALN and Athlates software (Liu Nuc Acids Res); supertype was determined by 2008 criteria (Sidney BMC Immunol). Tumor nonsynonymous coding mutations were identified with GATK v3.8, annotated with Ensembl-VEP, and passed through pVAC-Seq using a NetMHC 4.0 algorithm to identify potential neoepitopes 9 AAs in length (Hundal Genome Med). Neoepitopes were characterized based on mutant AA charge (D/E negative, H/K/R positive) and position. High affinity neoepitopes (HAN) were defined as those an with IC50 < 50 nM with wildtype IC50 > 50 nM (Ghorani Annals Oncol) and a mutation to a known B-pocket supermotif (K in position 3 or 5 for B08, R in position 2 for B27, E in position 2 for B44) (Lund Immunogen). Progression-free survival (PFS) was compared with logrank tests and proportional hazards (JMPv14, Cary, NC). Results: Of the 40 patients, 29 (72.5%) had at least one B08, B27, or B44 allele. One or more supertype-matched HAN were found in 10 of the 29 (34.5%), including 6/7 with PFS > 2 years, 3 of whom continue on therapy beyond 5 years. Median PFS in those with HAN was 26.7 months (m) vs 4.3 m in those without (HR 0.34, 95% CI 0.11-0.88, p = 0.024). Conclusions: Electrostatic charge may serve as a mechanism for enhanced binding affinity in HLA-B supertypes with a preference for charged AA in their B-pockets. Identification of favorable HLA-matched neoepitopes may identify distinct prognostic groups and potentially durable responders to immunotherapy in NSCLC.

  PublisherDOI

• Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B44 supertype and immunotherapy outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

  Journal of Clinical Oncology · 2018-05-20

  article

  3026 Background: In melanoma (mel) patients (pts) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, presence of HLA class I (HLA-1) B44 supertype (B44+) correlated with survival (Chowell, Science). B44 preferentially binds negatively charged (neg) peptides and those with glutamic acid (E) at the anchor position. Positively charged (pos) peptides impede binding. In mel, B44 benefit was driven by glycine (G) > E changes. We evaluated the predictive role of HLA-I supertypes in NSCLC as neoepitopes are likely different as tranversions (Tv) predominate in smokers compared to transitions (Ti) in mel. Methods: 58 advanced NSCLC pts treated with pembrolizumab with 3 years follow up and sufficient PBMCs and/or tumor sample had multiplexed paired-end WES with Illumina HiSeq 2000/3000. HLA typing used BWA-ALN and Athlates software; supertype was determined by 2008 criteria (Sidney, BMC Immunol). Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared by supertype using non-parametric log-rank tests. Tumor variant amino acids (vAA) were identified by GATK best practices, and AA charge was derived from standard charts with stop codons considered uncharged (unc). Ti/Tv and charge change analysis used two-proportion z-tests. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS V24 (Armonk, NY). Results: Of 9 supertypes evaluated, only absence of B44 supertype (B44-) had longer OS [median OS of 14.9 months (m) vs 9.2 m in B44+ (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.30-0.99, p = 0.048)], driven by B44- smokers [median OS 21.5 m vs 8.5 m in all other pts (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.26-0.995, p = 0.048)]. PFS and response rate trends were similar to OS. vAA charge changes from unc/pos to neg in 14/384 (3.6%) Tv and 8/192 (4.2%) Ti (NS) and from unc/neg to pos in 48/384 (12.5%) Tv vs 12/192 (6.3%) Ti (p = 0.019). G > E is not possible from Tv. Among pts with evaluated tumors, Ti/Tv, vAA charge, and G > E were as predicted. Conclusions: Like mel, the B44 supertype associates with OS in NSCLC, however with the opposite effect direction, driven by favorable OS in B44- smokers. A potential mechanism for these histology-specific results is the greater likelihood of Tv in smokers that may lead to neoepitopes with characteristics less favorable for presentation on HLA B44.

  PublisherDOI

• Low Concordance of Patient-Reported Outcomes With Clinical and Clinical Trial Documentation

  JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics · 2018-11-16 · 26 citations

  article

  PURPOSE: Health care research increasingly relies on assessment of data extracted from electronic medical records (EMRs). Clinical trial adverse event (AE) logs and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are sources of data often available in the context of specific research projects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of data concordance from these sources. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients enrolled in clinical trials or receiving standard treatment for lung cancer (n = 62) completed validated questionnaires on physical and psychological symptoms at up to three assessment points. Temporally matched documentation was extracted from EMR notes and, for clinical trial participants (n = 41), AE logs. Evaluated data included symptom assessment, vital signs, medication logs, and laboratory values. Agreement (positive, negative) and Cohen's κ coefficients were calculated to assess concordance of symptoms among sources, with PROs considered the gold standard. RESULTS: Patient-reported weight loss correlated significantly with clinical measurements ( t = 2.90; P = .02), and average number of PROs correlated negatively with albumin concentration, supporting PROs as the gold standard. Comparisons of PROs versus EMR yielded poor concordance across 11 physical symptoms, anxiety, and depressive symptoms (all κ < 0.40). Providers under-reported the presence of each symptom in the EMR compared with PROs. AE logs showed similarly poor concordance with PROs (all κ < 0.40, except shortness of breath). Negative agreement among sources was higher than positive agreement for all symptoms except pain. CONCLUSION: There was poor concordance between EMR notes and AE logs with PROs. Findings suggest that EMR notes and AE logs may not be reliable sources for capturing physical and psychological symptoms experienced by patients with lung cancer, supporting use of PRO assessments in oncology practices.

  PublisherDOI

• P1.04-14 HLA B44 Supertype Associated with Less Favorable Neoantigen Binding in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Immunotherapy

  Journal of Thoracic Oncology · 2018-10-01

  article
  PublisherDOI

• Patient HLA class I genotype influences cancer response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy

  Science · 2017-12-07 · 1161 citations

  article

  HLA genotype affects response Immunotherapy works by activating the patient's own immune system to fight cancer. For effective tumor killing, CD8 + T cells recognize tumor peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules. In humans, there are three major HLA-I genes ( HLA-A, HLA-B , and HLA-C ). Chowell et al. asked whether germline HLA-I genotype influences how T cells recognize tumor peptides and respond to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies (see the Perspective by Kvistborg and Yewdell). They examined more than 1500 patients and found that heterozygosity at HLA-I loci was associated with better survival than homozygosity for one or more HLA-I genes. Thus, specific HLA-I mutations could have implications for immune recognition and for the design of epitopes for cancer vaccines and immunotherapies. Science , this issue p. 582 ; see also p. 516

  PublisherDOI

• Integrated LNA-sub-harmonic mixer for 77 GHz automotive radar applications using GaAs pHEMT technology

  2005-03-07 · 11 citations

  article

  An integrated low-noise amplifier (LNA) and sub-harmonic mixer (SHM) for automotive radar applications has been designed using 0.15/spl mu/m GaAs pHEMT technology. This MMIC operates at RF frequencies of 76 to 77 GHz, IF frequencies up to 3 GHz, and LO frequencies of 36 to 38.5 GHz. A typical conversion loss of 3dB has been measured for a 10 dBm LO input power with no observed compression up to -6 dBm RF input signal level. The resulting 2.5 mm/sup 2/ circuit area helps address the low-cost and small size needs of automotive radar components.

  PublisherDOI

• Three facial expressions mothers direct to their infants

  Infant and Child Development · 2003-03-14 · 121 citations

  articleSenior author

  Abstract Mothers modify both their voices and their faces when interacting with infants. Although considerable work has detailed the modifications in the voice, less is known about those in the face. In this paper, three specific types of infant‐directed (ID) facial expressions were identified in videotapes of 10 English‐ and 10 Chinese‐speaking mothers interacting with infants aged 4–7 months. Four measures were taken to examine the form and meaning of these ID facial expressions. In Measure one, 32 undergraduates easily differentiated the three identified facial expression types. In Measure two, the muscle movement of each type were described through Ekman and Friesen's facial action coding system (FACS). In Measure three, 35 mothers and 40 undergraduates provided different emotional descriptions and communicative messages for each type. In Measure four, rank correlations were conducted to identify the FACS units most indicative of each facial expression type. These four measures confirmed the appearance of three expression types in both Chinese and English mothers, the involvement of unique muscle movements in these expression types in comparison to adult‐directed expressions which have been described, and the expression of distinct and consistent emotional messages. The meaning and importance of these expressions to mother‐infant interactions are discussed, and directions for future research are identified. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

  PublisherDOI

• A 0.15-μm GaAs MHEMT transimpedance amplifier IC for 40-Gb/s applications

  2003-06-25 · 9 citations

  articleSenior author

  The design and performance of a 0.15-/spl mu/m MHEMT transimpedance amplifier IC suitable for 40-Gb/s receiver applications is presented. Experimental results for the circuit demonstrate 263/spl Omega/ of transimpedance and 42.6 GHz 3dB-bandwidth with 0.075 pF of photodiode capacitance connected at the input. The IC dissipates 180 mW of power from a single +6V supply and has a die area of 0.72 mm/sup 2/.

  PublisherDOI

Frequent coauthors

• Kai Chang

  15 shared

• Edward B. Garon

  6 shared

• Amy L. Cummings

  5 shared

• Zorawar S. Noor

  UCLA Health

  4 shared

• Jaklin Gukasyan

  4 shared

• Aaron Lisberg

  University of California, Los Angeles

  4 shared

• Henry Y. Lu

  Broad Institute

  3 shared

• James A. Russell

  3 shared

Awards & honors

• Presidential Research Award (2018)
• Prettyman Fellow, Criminal Justice Clinic (1998–2000)