About

Professor Jason Andrews is a faculty member associated with the Stanford Program in Human Biology within the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University. His academic focus is in Medicine, specifically Infectious Diseases. The information provided does not detail his research background or key contributions, but his role indicates involvement in teaching and research related to infectious diseases within the broader context of human biology.

Research topics

• Medicine
• Internal medicine
• Environmental health
• Immunology
• Virology
• Pathology
• Biology
• Demography
• Microbiology
• Political Science
• Intensive care medicine
• Pediatrics
• Family medicine
• Nursing
• Gerontology
• Psychiatry

Selected publications

• Seroincidence Rate of Typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> in Children, Kenya, 2017–2018

  Emerging infectious diseases · 2026-03-01

  articleOpen access

  Enteric fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi, results in high rates of illness and death globally. The lack of reliable diagnostic assays limits surveillance, leading to major gaps in understanding the population-level burden in low- and middle-income countries. We applied a novel serologic tool measuring IgG responses to hemolysin E to assess typhoidal Salmonella infection rates in children from 4 communities: 2 in western Kenya (Kisumu and Chulaimbo) and 2 in coastal Kenya (Ukunda and Msambweni). We found a substantially higher enteric fever seroincidence rate in coastal Kenya (37/100 person-years) than in western Kenya (3.6/100 person-years). We found a higher seroincidence rate in households with nonpiped water and lower incomes and in neighborhoods with higher population density. Our findings contribute to Kenya's limited enteric fever surveillance data, especially in the coastal regions. Such information underscores the need for public health interventions, such as typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction, in Kenya.

  PublisherDOI

• Mortality in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Detention

  JAMA · 2026-04-16 · 1 citations

  articleOpen accessSenior author

  This study estimates annual mortality rates among individuals detained in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement facilities and summarizes age and cause of death patterns from 2004 through January 2026.

  PublisherOA PDFDOI

• Predicting Salmonella Typhi incidence using prevalence metrics from sentinel studies of community-onset bloodstream infections: a secondary analysis of observational data

  Vaccine · 2026-05-18

  articleOpen access

  BACKGROUND: Typhoid fever incidence estimates are central to policy decisions on vaccine introduction and investments in non-vaccine prevention and control but are often unavailable. We explored whether prevalence metrics from sentinel studies of community-onset bloodstream infections could accurately predict local Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella Typhi) incidence. METHODS: Using a previous systematic review (January 2018-December 2024), we identified studies reporting both typhoid incidence and prevalence of community-onset bloodstream infections from sentinel sites. From authors, we requested data on blood culture isolates and analysed four metrics: (i) Salmonella Typhi prevalence among probable pathogens, (ii) Salmonella Typhi rank order, (iii) Salmonella Typhi to Escherichia coli ratio, and (iv) Salmonella Typhi to 'stably endemic' organisms ratio. Typhoid incidence was categorized as low (<10), medium (10-100) or high (>100) per 100,000 person-years. We used univariate ordinal regression to assess the association between each metric and typhoid incidence level. The model performance was evaluated by the c-statistic, sensitivity, and specificity. RESULTS: Analysis of 29 study sites (20 Africa, 9 Asia) yielded 4625 probable pathogens. The median (IQR) typhoid incidence was 140 (28-319) per 100,000 person-years. All metrics were associated with increased typhoid incidence level: for each 1% increase in Salmonella Typhi prevalence OR 1.07 (95%CI 1.02-1.15); for each unit increase in rank order OR 0.25 (95%CI 0.06-0.64); for each unit increase in the log Salmonella Typhi to E. coli ratio OR 2.88 (95%CI 1.48-7.39) for each unit increase in the log Salmonella Typhi to 'stably endemic' organisms ratio OR 3.74 (95%CI 1.80-10.7). A parsimonious model using Salmonella Typhi prevalence alone achieved c-statistics of 0.87 (0.58-0.97), 0.76 (0.51-0.91), and 0.88 (0.69-0.96) for low, medium, and high incidence, respectively. CONCLUSION: Sentinel prevalence metrics from bloodstream infections, particularly Salmonella Typhi prevalence among probable pathogens, could be useful for inferring local typhoid fever incidence where direct data are unavailable.

  PublisherDOI

• Correction: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction on typhoid fever in Nepal

  PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026-04-14

  articleOpen accessSenior author

  [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0013242.].

  PublisherOA PDFDOI

• Estimating Enteric Fever Seroincidence in Bangladesh Using Rapid Serosurveys

  Open Forum Infectious Diseases · 2026-04-21

  articleOpen access

  Background: Typhi or Paratyphi, is a major public health issue in low- and middle-income countries. Accurate burden estimation is hampered by limited microbiological facilities and low sensitivity of blood-culture tests. Serosurveillance offers a scalable alternative to address these challenges. This study estimated the seroincidence of enteric fever in Bangladesh using cross-sectional rapid serosurveys. Methods: School-based surveys (January-June 2022) were conducted in Chattogram, Dinajpur, Sylhet, Satkhira, and Faridpur, and community-based surveys (July 2019-November 2021) were conducted in Dhaka and Mirzapur. Blood samples (dried blood spots or venous blood) were collected and tested for anti-hemolysin E IgG responses using a kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seroincidence was estimated using a maximum likelihood approach based on peak antibody titers and decay rates, modeled from blood-culture confirmed enteric fever cases in Bangladesh. Findings: A total of 2969 participants aged 0-22 years were enrolled, with 75.5% aged 5-15 years. Seroincidence rates (per 100 person-years) were highest in Dhaka (33.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 29.0-37.9), followed by Mirzapur (19.5; 95% CI, 17.4-21.7) and Chattogram (17.1; 95% CI, 15.0-19.4), and the lowest in Faridpur (11.1; 95% CI, 9.6-12.7). The under 5 age group exhibited higher rates in Dhaka (40.3; 95% CI, 32.1-50.7) and Mirzapur (26.1; 95% CI, 21.0-32.4) compared to older age groups. Seroincidence was higher in areas with higher population density. Conclusions: This study highlights a substantial burden of enteric fever infections across Bangladesh. These provide important evidence to guide post-introduction monitoring and optimization of the typhoid conjugate vaccine program in the national immunization schedule.

  PublisherDOI

• Tuberculosis treatment outcomes after transfer or release from incarceration: a retrospective cohort study from Brazil

  BMC Global and Public Health · 2025-10-21 · 1 citations

  articleOpen access

  BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) disproportionately affects people deprived of liberty (PDL). Prior studies have shown higher TB treatment completion rates among PDL compared to the general population. However, little is known about how incarceration-related movements such as transfers between facilities and releases to the community affect TB treatment outcomes. METHODS: We linked person-level incarceration data with TB notifications data from the Notifiable Disease Information System for the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul between January 2006 and December 2018. We constructed a cohort of PDL who were newly diagnosed with drug-susceptible TB and initiated treatment. We compared treatment outcomes between individuals who remained in the same carceral facility and those who were transferred to other facilities or released from incarceration during treatment. We computed the covariate-adjusted relative risk of unfavorable treatment outcomes for individuals transferred or released during treatment. RESULTS: We identified 1261 PDL who initiated TB treatment. Of these individuals, 842 (66.8%) remained in the same carceral facility, 256 (20.3%) were transferred to other facilities, and 163 (12.9%) were released to the community during treatment. Among those who remained in the same carceral facility, 72.9% (614/842) were successfully treated within 8 months following treatment initiation. In contrast, only 61.7% (158/256) of those who were transferred and 50.3% (82/163) of those who were released achieved TB treatment success within 8 months. After adjusting for covariates, the risk of unfavorable treatment outcomes was 1.4 (95% CI: 1.2 to 1.7) times as high for individuals transferred to other facilities and 1.6 (95% CI: 1.3 to 2.0) times as high for individuals released from incarceration, compared to those who remained in the same facility during treatment. For individuals released less than 2 months into treatment, the risk of unfavorable treatment outcomes was twice as high (adjusted relative risk [aRR]: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.6-2.7). CONCLUSIONS: Transfers between facilities and releases from incarceration are common and may pose barriers to TB treatment completion. Strategies for ensuring continuity of care across carceral facilities and between prison and community health systems are urgently needed to improve TB outcomes for individuals impacted by incarceration.

  PublisherOA PDFDOI

• Perceptions of persons deprived of liberty regarding tuberculosis vaccine research

  PLOS Global Public Health · 2025-12-16 · 2 citations

  articleOpen access

  Several tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidates are currently advancing to late-stage clinical trials. Prisons in low-and middle-income countries harbor some of the highest rates of TB in the world, making persons deprived of liberty (PDL) an important population to prioritize for the introduction of effective vaccines. However, the inclusion in clinical trials raises significant ethical concerns due to a history of exploitation and mistreatment within medical research. To date, PDL own perspectives on participating in vaccine research have been largely overlooked. This multicenter qualitative study employed focus group (FG) discussions in seven state prisons across four of the five regions of Brazil, involving 91 incarcerated individuals (64 men and 27 female) between February and August 2024. The discussions explored participants' perceptions regarding health in prisons, TB, vaccines in general, new TB vaccines, and their potential participation in research. Participants reported encountering difficulties in accessing healthcare services within the prison system and shared personal or indirect experiences with TB, as well as concerns about their family members being at risk for TB exposure. While they generally held positive perceptions about vaccines and trials, they emphasized the need for clear and transparent information, respect for individual autonomy, and assurances of accountability from researchers as conditions of their willingness to participate in future trials. PDL perceptions regarding participation in clinical trials for new TB vaccines are significantly influenced by their prior experiences with the prison health system and their level of trust in research institutions. To ethically and effectively include PDL in future research, it is crucial to prioritize respect for autonomy and transparent communication about the risks and potential benefits involved.

  PublisherDOI

• The burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region 1990–2021: a cross-country systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050

  The Lancet Public Health · 2025-10-11 · 15 citations

  articleOpen access

  BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an urgent global crisis and one of the world's most complex challenges. Although there is increasing evidence of its impact on human mortality and morbidity, precise burden estimation has many challenges, and thus far has been elusive for the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Here, we present a comprehensive time-trend analysis of regional and country-level AMR burden estimates in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), between 1990 and 2021, with forecasts up to 2050. METHODS: We estimated deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to and associated with AMR for 11 infectious syndromes, 22 bacterial pathogens, and 84 pathogen-drug combinations for the WHO EMR and each of its countries from 1990 to 2021. Data were obtained from mortality registries, surveillance systems, hospital records, systematic literature reviews, and other sources. We based our modelling approach on five broad components: the number of deaths in which infection had a role, the proportion of infectious deaths attributable to a given infectious syndrome, the proportion of infectious syndrome deaths attributable to a given pathogen, the percentage of a given pathogen resistant to an antimicrobial drug of interest, and the excess risk of mortality (or duration of an infection) associated with this resistance. These components were then used to estimate the disease burden by using two counterfactual scenarios: deaths and DALYs attributable to AMR (considering an alternative scenario where drug-resistant infections are replaced with susceptible infections), and deaths and DALYs associated with AMR (considering an alternative scenario where infections would not occur at all). Predictive statistical modelling was applied to generate estimates of AMR burden for each country. We also generated AMR burden forecasts up to 2050. We generated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for the final estimates by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline, and models were cross-validated for out-of-sample predictive validity. FINDINGS: We estimated 380 000 deaths (95% UI 332 000-426 000) associated with bacterial AMR and 92 800 deaths (78 300-111 000) attributable to bacterial AMR in the EMR in 2021. In the past 31 years, there was considerable variation in AMR mortality trends across countries of the region and different age groups. Between 1990 and 2021, associated deaths among children younger than 5 years decreased by 50·0% (38·2-62·0), while those among adults aged 70 and older rose by over 85·7% (95% UI 57·0-115·7). Six pathogens were identified as the primary generators of burden: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A substantial increase in the AMR burden due to S aureus was observed between 1990 (28 200 deaths [21 600-34 000]) and 2021 (49 500 deaths [43 100-56 200]); consequently, in 2021, methicillin-resistant S aureus was a leading pathogen-drug combination for most countries in the region for deaths and DALYs attributable to, and associated with AMR. Somalia had the highest age-standardised mortality rates in the region: for deaths attributable to and associated with AMR per 100 000 population in both 1990 and 2021; conversely, the country with the lowest burden in the EMR was Qatar. By 2050, the number of deaths attributable to AMR in region is forecasted to reach 187 000 (157 000-223 000) and deaths associated with AMR were projected to reach 752 000 (629 000-879 000). INTERPRETATION: Our study shows that bacterial AMR has been a serious public health threat in the EMR for more than 30 years, with a substantial fatal and non-fatal burden for priority bacterial pathogens and pathogen-drug combinations. The magnitude of this issue, future projects, and the inadequate response capacity in many countries underscore the need for more stringent regional leadership in this field. The insights gained from this study can direct targeted mitigation strategies for individual countries within the region, aiding in resource allocation and funding decisions, and emphasising the need for collaborative multisectoral endeavours among nations to address this issue. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, and the UK Department of Health and Social Care using aid funding managed by the Fleming Fund.

  PublisherDOI

• Rapid, low-cost colorimetric detection of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi bacteriophages for environmental surveillance

  mBio · 2025-08-18 · 3 citations

  articleOpen accessSenior author

  ABSTRACT Typhoid fever remains a global public health challenge, especially in low- and middle-income countries where poor sanitation and limited access to clean water facilitate transmission. The lack of data on disease burden poses a significant barrier to adopting effective interventions such as vaccination programs. We developed a novel colorimetric assay for the detection of S . Typhi-specific bacteriophages (phages) in environmental water samples, providing an indirect indicator of S . Typhi contamination and insights into typhoid burden. We collected surface water samples from Brazil, Côte d’Ivoire, Nepal, and Niger, covering urban, peri-urban, and rural areas. We evaluated the colorimetric assay efficiency against the agar overlay plaque assay. Isolated phages were tested against various bacteria to assess their host range. The colorimetric assay demonstrated high sensitivity (100% concordance with double agar overlay) with a detection limit of 28 plaque-forming units per milliliter (PFU/mL), and results were obtained in 5.5 hours. Phage detection rates were highest in densely populated areas with poor sanitation, particularly in Kathmandu, Nepal (98% positivity in river samples) and Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (35.1% positivity in drainage samples). The detection of S . Typhi phages in Côte d’Ivoire is particularly important, as the burden of typhoid in the region was previously undocumented. Phages were not detected in rural and drinking water sources. Host range analyses demonstrated that all isolated phages were specific to S . Typhi. The novel colorimetric assay offers a rapid and sensitive method for detecting S . Typhi bacteriophages in environmental water. The scalability, low cost (~$2.40 per sample), and minimal equipment requirements suggest that this could be an effective tool for typhoid surveillance in resource-limited settings. IMPORTANCE Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella Typhi, remains a significant global health threat, particularly in low-resource settings with inadequate sanitation. Effective control measures, such as vaccines, require precise data on where typhoid is most prevalent, yet current surveillance methods are expensive and limited in scope. This study introduces a rapid, low-cost, and scalable colorimetric assay for detecting S. Typhi bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) in environmental water samples. Unlike traditional methods, this test detects the presence of S. Typhi indirectly by identifying associated phages, offering a specific and sensitive approach for monitoring typhoid fever circulation. The assay was validated in diverse settings across four countries and demonstrated high accuracy and cost efficiency. By reducing reliance on expensive laboratory equipment and complex procedures, this tool makes typhoid surveillance more accessible, especially in low-income regions, helping prioritize vaccination campaigns and improve public health interventions.

  PublisherDOI

• Effectiveness of the TAK-003 dengue vaccine in adolescents during the 2024 outbreak in São Paulo, Brazil: a test-negative, case–control study

  The Lancet Infectious Diseases · 2025-08-20 · 9 citations

  article
  PublisherDOI

Recent grants

• Strategies for tuberculosis control in prisons

  NIH · $5.1M · 2017–2028

• Characterizing infectiousness of subclinical TB and identifying novel early diagnostic strategies for preventing transmission

  NIH · $617k · 2020–2024

• NIH Grant K01AI104411

  NIH · $599k · 2017

• NIH Grant DP2AI131082

  NIH · $2.0M · 2021

• Strategies for tuberculosis control in prisons

  NIH · $660k · 2017–2022

Frequent coauthors

• Júlio Croda

  Yale University

  334 shared

• Isaac I. Bogoch

  University of Toronto

  172 shared

• Albert I. Ko

  Yale University

  157 shared

• Denise O Garrett

  Sabin Vaccine Institute

  104 shared

• Kristen Aiemjoy

  Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit

  97 shared

• Jennifer Keiser

  Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute

  95 shared

• Crhistinne Cavalheiro Maymone Gonçalves

  Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul

  85 shared

• Richelle C. Charles

  Harvard University

  85 shared

Education

• Ph.D., Human Biology

  Stanford University

  2005

• B.A., Human Biology

  University of California, Berkeley

  1999