Role of Commercial Banks in Economic Development

International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews · 2026-05-01

Commercial banks play a crucial role in the economic development of a country by acting as financial intermediaries between savers and borrowers.This research paper examines the contribution of commercial banks in promoting economic growth through capital formation, credit creation, and financial inclusion.The study is based on secondary data collected from reliable sources such as RBI reports, World Bank publications, and research journals.The findings indicate that commercial banks significantly contribute to economic development by supporting key sectors like agriculture, industry, and services.However, challenges such as non-performing assets (NPAs) and technological risks affect their performance.The paper concludes that a strong and well-regulated banking system is essential for sustainable economic growth.

Outage performance analysis and link optimization of selection combining-based hybrid RF-(FSO/RF) link

2026-03-30

Interface for Monitoring and Tracking Pregnant Women's Fetal Health Conditions Based on Cardiotocogram Information

2025-07-17

The only non-invasive, reasonably priced method for continuously monitoring fetal health is cardiotocography (CTG). Even with a noticeable increase in automation, signal processing CTG analysis is still a difficult undertaking. The fetal heart's intricate and dynamic rhythms are difficult to decipher. In particular, both visual and automated approaches yield rather low precise interpretations of the suspected cases. CTG is used in clinical evaluation to assess the fetus's health inside the uterus, which is one of the tests, employing the two CTG signals of uterine contractions (UC) and fetal heart rate (FHR) for prenatal monitoring. Preterm birth can be avoided, and the risk of perinatal death can be decreased using CTG results. Although medical experts are trying to develop an automated CTG interpretation, the results have not been able to identify any suspicious fetal abnormalities. Data on fetal health undergoes a variety of algorithmic preparation steps before modeling. Based on the input parameters, the resulting model is used in the interface to verify fetal growth. The proposed methodology gives the best algorithm on fetal health data to check fetal growth, and it also monitors and predicts fetal health and classifies it as normal, suspect, and pathological. This proposed system is implemented easily with an interface.

Clinical validation of the TMD-E tracker for diagnosing temporomandibular disorders: a reliability and accuracy assessment

Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research · 2025-06-02

Aim: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are musculoskeletal conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), often leading to pain, restricted movement, and joint sounds. Traditional diagnostic methods rely on subjective assessments and imaging, which have limitations in terms of accessibility and cost. The TMD-E Tracker is a novel, non-invasive device designed to quantify TMJ vibrations and classify TMD severity in real time. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy, reliability, and feasibility of the TMD-E Tracker in detecting TMDs and to compare its findings with standard clinical diagnostic methods. Materials and methods: A total of 24 participants (12 TMD patients, 12 healthy individuals) were evaluated using the TMD-E Tracker. The device recorded peak vibrational frequency and timing of peak occurrence, which were statistically compared with standard clinical diagnostic measures. Intra- and inter-examiner reliability were assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-tests with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: TMD patients exhibited a significantly higher peak frequency (248 ± 28 Hz) and delayed peak occurrence timing (1.65 ± 0.38 s) compared to healthy individuals (108 ± 22 Hz, 0.95 ± 0.21 s, p < 0.05). The device demonstrated excellent intra-examiner reliability (ICC = 0.91) and inter-examiner reliability (ICC = 0.89). The sensitivity (89.5 %) and specificity (92.3 %) further confirmed the high diagnostic accuracy of the TMD-E Tracker. Conclusion: The TMD-E Tracker is a reliable, objective, and clinically feasible diagnostic tool for TMD assessment. Its real-time vibrational analysis offers a promising alternative to conventional diagnostic methods, though further large-scale validation is warranted.

Etiological Diversity and Enhanced Diagnostic Accuracy in Cutaneous Fungal Infections: Insights from a Tertiary Care Hospital Laboratory

Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research (KLEU) · 2025-05-30

Background: Cutaneous mycoses is a public health problem globally with significant rates in developing countries. These infections are predominantly caused by dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte fungi, with distinct clinical manifestations, epidemiological patterns, diagnostic intricacies, and treatment modalities. Objective: The study aimed to determine the spectrum of fungal agents causing cutaneous infections in our region and adoption of comprehensive diagnostic approach for accurate identification of the causative agents of cutaneous fungal infections. Methods: This observational study was conducted on 145 cutaneous samples received in Mycology laboratory of Mahatma Gandhi medical college and hospital from patients clinically suspected of dermatophytosis in the duration of July 2023 to December 2023. The samples were processed for microscopy using potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount and fungal culture on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar as per standard protocol. Fungal isolates were identified by studying colony morphology and microscopic characteristics. Results: One hundred forty-five samples consisting of 116 skin and 29 nails were studied. Male to female ratio was found to be 2.1:1. Adults from age group of 21–40 years were most commonly affected. Amongst 145 clinical samples, 111 (76.5%) were found to be positive microbiologically. Out of 111 positive specimen, culture positivity was 57.9% (84/111). Out of 84 culture isolates 59 (70.2%) were dermatophytes amongst which Trichopyton spp (45/59; 76.2%) were most common isolates. Non-dermatophytic fungi were isolated in 25 (29.8%) samples with Aspergillus spp. (17/25; 68%) being most common. Conclusion: Amongst dermatophytes Trichopyton spp. remains the most common pathogen in our region. The emerging recovery of Aspergillus spp. amongst non-dermatophytic fungi in our study warrants continuous epidemiological studies to be aware of the changing trends in terms of public health significance. The alignment of clinical diagnosis along with comprehensive laboratory diagnosis is pivotal for accurate diagnosis, considering the significant costs and extended duration associated with fungal therapy.

Male Breast Cancer: a Review on Diagnosis, Treatment, and Survivorship

Current Oncology Reports · 2024-01-01 · 45 citations

Shopping experience and consumer loyalty towards organic food stores: evaluating the moderating role of gender

British Food Journal · 2024-01-01 · 17 citations

Purpose This study delves into the complex realm of consumer behavior by exploring the impact of distinct shopping motives, encompassing status, value and gratification, on store satisfaction within the domain of organic food retail. Moreover, it seeks to decipher the influence of perceptual disparities between male and female patrons on the intricate nexus between shopping experience and consumer loyalty within organic food stores. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive dataset comprising responses from 400 participants was gathered and subjected to confirmatory analysis and structural equation modeling. These analytical tools were employed to dissect the data, validate the underlying research framework and unveil critical insights. Findings The empirical analysis, facilitated by structural equation modeling, substantiates that organic food stores prioritize the organic attribute, primarily centered on healthiness, often to the detriment of broader conceptual and social aspects. This validates the interplay between shopping experience dimensions, customer contentment, loyalty and the intent to revisit. Gender, as a moderator, exerts a discernible influence on these relationships, highlighting distinct shopping behaviors among male and female consumers when gauging the influence of shopping experience dimensions within organic food retail establishments. Practical implications The implications of this research resonate deeply within the organic food retail landscape. The insights garnered provide valuable guidance to organic food retailers aiming to enhance their store ambiance and allure, thereby fostering sustained customer satisfaction. This, in turn, augments the propensity for customer loyalty and repeat patronage, a particularly pressing concern in today's fiercely competitive retail milieu. Furthermore, the study carries significant ramifications for organic food producers and governmental entities, outlining a framework for augmenting the value proposition of organic foods in alignment with customer experiential paradigms. Originality/value In a milieu characterized by the emergence of novel product categories and industry entrants, the study fills a critical void by investigating customer satisfaction within the broader retail food sector, with specific focus on organic food stores. Moreover, the research embarks on a pioneering exploration of the prospective trajectory of organic food stores in the Indian context, employing a marketing lens and grounded in the theory of needs satisfaction.

Evaluating the effectiveness of various diversity and combining techniques on an RF-FSO link

Journal of Optical Communications · 2024-07-31 · 1 citations

Abstract Diversity and combining is one of the robust techniques to mitigate multi-path fading in RF links and turbulence-induced scintillation in FSO links. This article evaluates the effect of different diversity and combining techniques on outage and BER performance of decode and forward RF-FSO link. We have utilized diversity and combining techniques over source to relay RF link and/or relay to destination FSO link. The selection combining, transmit antenna selection, maximal ratio combining, and maximum ratio transmission schemes are considered. The Monte-Carlo simulation results of outage probability and bit error rate are compared by considering different parameters affecting link quality like the strength of atmospheric turbulence, pointing error, FSO link detection scheme, RF link fading strength, diversity order, etc. It is found that configurations like SIMO-SISO, MISO-SISO, SISO-SIMO, and SISO-MISO, where diversity is applied in either source to relay link or relay to destination link, are improving the overall link performance provided that diversity is applied at the link experiencing stronger fading compared to another link. The link configurations SIMO-MISO or MISO-SIMO also improve the link performance and it can achieve BER of 10 −5 at less than 15 dB SNR in favourable link conditions.

Metasurface-inspired circularly polarized patch antenna using DGS for sub 6-GHz applications

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications · 2024-03-25 · 4 citations

A novel circularly polarized metasurface inspired regular triangle patch antenna (RTPA) with enhanced gain and bandwidth is proposed in this paper. The antenna is composed of a triangular patch-driven element sandwiched between a 3×3 sub-wavelength square patch metasurface array and the ground plane. Initially, the RTPA is designed, and the ground plane is etched with fractal slots to produce degenerate modes for circular polarization. A metasurface array is used as a superstrate to improve gain and bandwidth in terms of impedance and axial ratio (AR). Another advantage of using a metasurface is the reduction of cross-polar radiation, particularly when employing a triangular-shaped patch antenna. The asymmetry of this structure leads to cross-polar components contributed by dominant modes rather than higher-order modes, and the use of a metasurface markedly diminishes these components. The proposed antenna's experimental results show a 10 dB return loss (|S11|) with a metasurface demonstrates a measured impedance bandwidth and axial ratio bandwidth of 760 and 350 MHz, respectively. The antenna exhibits right-hand circular polarization with a measured gain of 5.87 dBic at the operating frequency.

Advancing the frontiers of connectivity

2024-09-30 · 1 citations

The evolution of wireless communication has reached an exciting juncture with the emergence of 6G technology. This chapter, a comprehensive review, delves into the multifaceted aspects of 6G communication networks, covering their architectural foundations, diverse applications, security imperatives, and the transformative integration of antennas with machine learning. This chapter illuminates the fascinating landscape of 6G communication networks. It showcases the architectural ingenuity, myriad applications, security imperatives, and the transformative integration of antennas with machine learning that collectively propel us toward the next era of connectivity. The possibilities are vast, and as the journey to 6G unfolds, this review serves as a guiding beacon for researchers, engineers, and innovators embracing the frontier of wireless communication.