Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

The Lancet · 2024 · 1863 citations

• Medicine
• Demography
• Pediatrics

BACKGROUND: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. METHODS: ). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). FINDINGS: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. INTERPRETATION: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. FUNDING: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union.

Table of Contents

2022 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT) · 2024

• Computer Science
• Computer Science
• Database

Increasing the linear modulation range

Genetic drivers of heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology

Nature · 2024 · 480 citations

• Biology
• Genetics
• Evolutionary biology

in a further 279,552 individuals of diverse ancestry, including 30,288 cases of T2D, and test their association with T2D-related vascular outcomes. Cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores are associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and end-stage diabetic nephropathy across ancestry groups, highlighting the importance of obesity-related processes in the development of vascular outcomes. Our findings show the value of integrating multi-ancestry genome-wide association study data with single-cell epigenomics to disentangle the aetiological heterogeneity that drives the development and progression of T2D. This might offer a route to optimize global access to genetically informed diabetes care.

Venous Return in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessed with 4D Flow MRI

Proceedings on CD-ROM - International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Scientific Meeting and Exhibition/Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Scientific Meeting and Exhibition · 2024

• Medicine
• Cardiology
• Internal medicine

Motivation: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema are associated with hemodynamic changes in the pulmonary vasculature, possibly related to increased intra-thoracic pressure during expiration, altering venous return into the thorax. Goal(s): Assess the association of respiratory dysfunction with hemodynamic parameters of venous return. Approach: Velocity, kinetic energy, and stasis in the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava were quantified with 4D Flow MRI in 72 subjects across the COPD spectrum in an ongoing study (SPIROMICS HF). Results: Our results show an association of impaired (reduced) venous return to the thorax with airway obstruction as assessed by spirometry. Impact: This study demonstrates impaired venous return in subjects with COPD, which warrant further investigations into the cardiopulmonary interactions of right heart flow in COPD and its potential value as a noninvasive marker of disease progression.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is Associated with Impaired Cardiac Hemodynamics: A SPIROMICS HF Study

Proceedings on CD-ROM - International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Scientific Meeting and Exhibition/Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Scientific Meeting and Exhibition · 2024

• Cardiology
• Medicine
• Internal medicine

Motivation: Previous studies have suggested impaired cardiovascular function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the association between lung disease severity and the degree of cardiac hemodynamic impairment is not well understood. Goal(s): We aimed to characterize the hemodynamic changes seen in COPD in order to gain insight into the mechanisms relating COPD and heart failure. Approach: We analyzed 4D-flow derived hemodynamics in a preliminary sample of 72 participants from the SPIROMICS-HF study. Results: We found that impaired hemodynamics in the right atrium (blood flow kinetic energy and velocity) and pulmonary artery (flow stasis and velocity) are associated with greater COPD severity. Impact: This study represents a key step in exploring the cardiopulmonary hemodynamic interaction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Dimethyl fumarate in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Nature Communications · 2024 · 8 citations

• Medicine
• Internal medicine

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) inhibits inflammasome-mediated inflammation and has been proposed as a treatment for patients hospitalised with COVID-19. This randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing multiple treatments in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 (NCT04381936, ISRCTN50189673). In this assessment of DMF performed at 27 UK hospitals, adults were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus DMF. The primary outcome was clinical status on day 5 measured on a seven-point ordinal scale. Secondary outcomes were time to sustained improvement in clinical status, time to discharge, day 5 peripheral blood oxygenation, day 5 C-reactive protein, and improvement in day 10 clinical status. Between 2 March 2021 and 18 November 2021, 713 patients were enroled in the DMF evaluation, of whom 356 were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus DMF, and 357 to usual care alone. 95% of patients received corticosteroids as part of routine care. There was no evidence of a beneficial effect of DMF on clinical status at day 5 (common odds ratio of unfavourable outcome 1.12; 95% CI 0.86-1.47; p = 0.40). There was no significant effect of DMF on any secondary outcome.

Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks, 1990-2022

Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2023 · 1365 citations

• Medicine
• Intensive care medicine
• Risk analysis (engineering)

Approaching the quantum limit in two-dimensional semiconductor contacts

Nature · 2023 · 549 citations

• Materials science
• Nanotechnology
• Optoelectronics

Graphical Abstract: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 23/2023

Angewandte Chemie International Edition · 2023 · 1 citations

• Computer Science
• Information Retrieval
• Computer Science

Covalent Organic FrameworksThetransformation of imine cages into acovalent organic framework film through dynamic covalent chemistry

Measurement of the W boson mass

Journal of High Energy Physics · 2022 · 107 citations

• Computer Science
• Physics
• Algorithm

A bstract The W boson mass is measured using proton-proton collision data at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msqrt><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msqrt></mml:math> = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.7 fb − 1 recorded during 2016 by the LHCb experiment. With a simultaneous fit of the muon q/p T distribution of a sample of W → μν decays and the ϕ * distribution of a sample of Z → μμ decays the W boson mass is determined to be $$ {m}_w=80354\pm {23}_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm {10}_{\mathrm{exp}}\pm {17}_{\mathrm{theory}}\pm {9}_{\mathrm{PDF}}\mathrm{MeV}, $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>w</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>80354</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mn>23</mml:mn><mml:mtext>stat</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mi>exp</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mn>17</mml:mn><mml:mtext>theory</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mn>9</mml:mn><mml:mi>PDF</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mi>MeV</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo></mml:math> where uncertainties correspond to contributions from statistical, experimental systematic, theoretical and parton distribution function sources. This is an average of results based on three recent global parton distribution function sets. The measurement agrees well with the prediction of the global electroweak fit and with previous measurements.